UNIT 14
Current Electricity

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

 

•         define electric current.

 

•         describe the concept of conventional current.

 

•         understand the potential difference across a circuit component and name its unit .

 

•         describe Ohm’s law and its limitations.

 

•         define resistance and its unit(Ω).

 

•         calculate the equivalent resistance of a number of resistances connected in series and also in parallel.

 

•         describe the factors affecting the resistance of a metallic conductor.

 

•         distinguish between conductors and insulators.

 

•         sketch  and  interpret  the  V-I  characteristics  graph  for  a  metallic  conductor,  a

 

filament lamp and  a  thermister.

 

•         describe how energy is dissipated in resistance and explain Joule’s law.

 

•         apply the equation E=I.Vt = I² Rt = V²  t /R to solve numerical problem.

•         calculate the cost of energy when given the cost per kWh.

 

•         distinguish between D.C and A.C.

 

•         identify circuit components such as switches, resistors, batteries etc.

 

•         describe the use of electrical measuring devices like galvanometer, ammeter, and voltmeter (construction and working principles not required).

 

•         construct simple series (single path) and parallel circuits (multiple paths).

 

•         predict the behavior of light bulbs in series and parallel circuits such as for celebration lights.

 

•         state the functions of the live, neutral and earth wires in the domestic main supply.

 

•         state reason why domestic supplies are connected in parallel.

 

•         describe the hazards of electricity (damage insulation, overheating of cables, damp conditions).

 

•         explain the use of safety measures in household electricity, (fuse, circuit breaker, earth wire).

UNIT 12 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

UNIT 12

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

 

After studying this unit. students will be able to:

•      describe the terms used in reflection including normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection and state laws of reflection.

•      solve problems of image location by spherical mirrors by using mirror formula.

•      define the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material.

•      solve problems by using the equation sin i /sin r = n (refractive index).

•      state  the conditions for total internal reflection.

•      describe  the passage of light through a glass prism.

•      describe how total internal reflection is used in light propagation through optical fibres.

•      describe  how light is refracted through lenses.

•      define power of a lens and its unit.

•      solve problems of image location by lenses using lens formula.

•      define the terms resolving power and magnifying power.

•      draw ray diagram of simple microscope and mention its magnifying power.

•      draw ray diagram of compound microscope and mention its magnifying power.

•      draw ray diagram of a telescope and mention its magnifying power.

•      draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the normal eye, a short-sighted eye and a long-sighted eye.

describe the correction of short-sight and long-sight.

 

 

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SOUND

Unit 11
SOUND

 

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

•     explain how sound is produced by vibrating sources and that sound waves require a material medium for their propagation.

•     describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves (as a series of compressions and rarefaction).

•     define  the terms pitch, loudness and quality of sound.

•     describe the effect of change in amplitude on loudness and the effect of change in frequency on pitch of sound.

•     define intensity and state its SI unit.

•     describe what is meant by intensity level and give its unit.

•     explain  that noise is a nuisance.

•     describe how reflection of sound may produce echo.

•     describe audible frequency range.

•     describe  the importance of acoustic protection.

•     solve problems based on mathematical  relations learnt in this unit.

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SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND WAVES

UNIT 10

SIMPLE HARMONIC 
MOTION AND WAVES

After studying this unit, students will be able to:

 

state the conditions necessary for an object to oscillate with SHM.

explain SHM with simple pendulum, ball and bowl examples.

draw forces acting on a displaced pendulum.

solve problems by using the formula for simple pendulum.

understand that damping progressively reduces the amplitude of oscillation.

describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in rope, slinky spring and

experiments with water waves.

describe that waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter.

distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, slinky and springs.

define the terms speed (v), frequency (f), wavelength (λ), time period (T), amplitude,

crest, trough, cycle, wave front, compression and rarefaction.

derive equation v = f λ

 .

solve problems by applying the relation f = 1/T and v = f λ.

describe properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and diffraction with the help of

ripple tank.

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